Vim can understand many filetypes and apply syntax highlighting and indenting in files of a detected filetype.
Vim learns about these from the .vim files stored in its ftplugin and syntax directories. So, to list the filetypes that your Vim can understand, list these files using these commands:
:echo glob($VIMRUNTIME . '/ftplugin/*.vim')
:echo glob($VIMRUNTIME . '/syntax/*.vim')Tried with: Vim 7.4 and Ubuntu 14.04