Standard exceptions in C++

All the standard exceptions in C++ are derived from the exception class that is defined in the exception header file. The standard exceptions are defined in the stdexcept header file.

The hierarchy of standard exceptions is shown below using an ASCII tree:

exception
├── bad_alloc
│   └── bad_array_new_length
├── bad_cast
├── bad_exception
├── bad_typeid
├── logic_error
│   ├── domain_error
│   ├── future_error
│   ├── invalid_argument
│   ├── length_error
│   └── out_of_range
└── runtime_error
    ├── overflow_error
    ├── range_error
    ├── system_error
    │   └── ios_base::failure
    └── underflow_error

• Typically, logic_error, runtime_error and their children are thrown in user code. These exceptions take a std::string or string literal as input.

• You cannot throw exception or any of the language exceptions. You can however derive from the exception class to create your own exception.

Reference: §30.4.1.1 in The C++ Programming Language (4 Ed) by Stroustrup